A sterogram can be viewed in crossview technique:
Stereoscopic cross view photos
can be viewed in three dimensions (3D) without special glasses.
Most people can learn how to view a cross view photo in just a few minutes:
See 3D without glasses!
Neurons stained by Nissl’s method, with toluidin blue
Brain - horizontal section
Brain - transverse section
Brodmann areas
Midbrain (preview animation)
Pons - coronal section
Coronal section of pons, at its upper part. (Formatio reticularis labeled at left.)
Neuron - SEM image
Brain stem - superficial dissection
Superficial dissection of brain stem. Ventral view. (Cerebral peduncle visible in red at center-right.)
Brain - day/night
Hippocampal neuron - GFP
Hippocampal neuron expressing monomeric Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
Brain slice - labeled
(Transverse section)
Cranial fossa
Human cranial fossa from above showing the membranes that encase the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and the olfactory and optic nerves.
Brain-Lateral view
Zebrafish larva
Y. Albert Pan, Three-day-old zebrafish larva with fluorescently labeled neurons
AnatomyasArt-01
VICQ D’AZYR, Félix (1748-1794).
Traité d’anatomie et de physiologie,
avec des planches coloriées représentant au naturel les divers organes de l’homme et des animaux…
Tome premier [all published].
Paris: François Ambroise Didot l’aîné, 1786.
Large 2o (477 x 312 mm). Half-title, allegorical aquatint frontispiece, printed in color and finished by hand
Lateral ventricles
Sagittal section-model
from
Morbid anatomy blog
from
astropop
Wizard of Oz, the short version
Brain and spinal cord
Crania Ethnica
VOGT, Carl (1817-1895). Leçons sur l’Homme. Paris: C. Reinwald, 1865. 8o (219 x 145 mm). Illustrations in text.
Brain - Lateral surface
DWIGHT, Thomas (1843-1911). Frozen Sections of a Child. New York: William Wood, 1881.
Brain - Sagittal and frontal
KEY, Axel (1832-1901) and Magnus Gustaf RETZIUS (1842-1919). Studien in der Anatomie des Nervensystems und des Bindegewebes. Stockholm: Samson & Wallin, P.A. Norstedt & Söner, 1875-76.
Brain stem - transverse section-01
Brain - blood circulation
HIGHMORE, Nathaniel (1613-1685). Corporis humani disquisitio anatomica;
in qua sanguinis circulationem in quavis corporis particula plurimis typis novis… prosequutus est.
The Hague: Samuel Brown, 1651.
Christie’s
Red nucleus and pyramidal tracts
Sheep brain
Neurons firing
The firing of neurons in the human brain using a substance that makes the nerve fluoresce. Scientists are able to take pictures of the brain in action.
Neurons, axons, dendrites
Hippocampus
This image from the hippocampus shows smaller glial cells (the small ovals) among neurons (larger, with more filaments). The hippocampus is known to play a major role in memory formation.
[source: Medical News: Amazing Images from a Confocal Microscope
Neurons-05
Embryology - neural tube invagination
Invagination of the midline ectoderm forms the neural tube — the precursor of the spinal cord and brain.
When this process fails to take place normally — as may occur when the mother is severely deficient in folic acid during early pregnancy — severe neurological conditions such as spina bifida or anencephaly (absence of most of the brain) may result.
El ojo (the eye)
El ojo: esa pequeña herramienta contra la muerte
The eye: this small tool against death
Embryology - neuropore closure
Closure of the neuropore:
A pencil drawing showing the sequence of events, which lead to the
closure of the embryonic neuropore.
The neuropore refers to the opening (anterior or posterior)
of the developing neural tube.
Neurons-06
Nerve cells. Computer artwork of nerve cells, or neurons (blue), and glial (support) cells (pink).
Fluorescent neurons firing
A Mouse Listening: Scientists at Harvard and MIT have genetically modified mouse neurons to fire tracer rounds that are helping researchers map the brain's intricate connections. The scientists inserted a special gene into the mice that produces glowing proteins, extracted from coral and jellyfish. As the mouse thinks, the fluorescent proteins spread out along neural pathways. After the mice are euthanized, their nervous systems are cut into slices.
Left: This dense tangle of neurons is in the auditory portion of the brain stem. Mammals have very thick axons in the region, in part because the system needs to process sound quickly.
[source: Medical News: Amazing Images from a Confocal Microscope]
Brain - adult
Brain - infant (period of rapid development)
Dura mater
Brain-3D
(3D viewing)f
Nerves - pneumogastric region
Bourgery, Marc Jean (1797-1849). Traité complet de l’anatomie de l’homme, comprenant la médecine opératoire. 8 vols. Paris, 1831-1854.
Brain - sagittal section-01
Bourgery, Marc Jean (1797-1849). Traité complet de l’anatomie de l’homme, comprenant la médecine opératoire. 8 vols. Paris, 1831-1854.
Brain stem and cerebellum
Dogfish brain
Model of a dogfish brain,
Anatomy Collection, University of Dundee Museum Services.
This is one of a set of models of animals brains made by Zeigler of Germany
and used in teaching comparatve anatomy in the early days of University College Dundee.
Brain - meninges
A complete human brain within the meningeal membranes (or dura) from above. A large window has been cut in the meninges to expose the brain beneath. The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three protective meningeal membranes. Near the center note the arachnoid granulations or small projections through which cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed from within the meninges and into the blood.
Neuron - cerebral cortex
Neurons of the cerebral cortex showing the dendrites, cell bodies, and axons.
Embryology - sensory axons
Whole-mount X-gal staining of sensory axons innervating the limbs of an embryonic day 15.5 mouse carrying the LacZ gene driven by the sensory neuron promoter of Brn3a. For more information, see the article by Schoenmann et al. in The Journal of Neuroscience: Volume 18, Issue 30 pages 6375–6386
Cerebellum-02
Wellcome Images from the
Wellcome Trust
Neuron - dendrites-02 using
flourescence microscopy
Dentate gyrus
Dentate gyrus of a Thy1-GFP mouse (M-line)
Optic radiation
Optic radiation (also known as the geniculo-calcarine tract)
Thalamic projections in Snap25 KO mouse
Tangentially migrating GABAergic neurons in embryonic turtle brain.
Differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells stained for DNA (blue), MAP2 neurons (red) and GFAP glia (green).
From:
GE Healthcare Life Sciences - IN Cell Image Competition
Rat PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells stained for βIII-tubulin (green) and DNA (red).
This neurosurgical treatment involves the implantation of a brain pacemaker (under skin on shoulder), which sends electrical impulses to specific areas of the brain through an electrode (implanted below scalp). The device placed in the shoulder is known as implanted pulse generator (IPG). DBS was developed for the treatment of patient’s with Parkinson’s disease, but is being investigated for use in other conditions.
Three-dimensional visualisation of the skull, brain and special sense organs based on scanned human data.
Frontal dissection of a sheep’s brain (through cerebellum?)
3-D reconstruction of a nerve cell from the cerebral cortex (filled with red fluorescent dye). ClC-2 chloride channels may allow the nerve cells to manipulate their own excitability, enabling them to selectively influence intercellular communication. Image: Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried
A lateral view (right side) of the blood vessels of the brain and eyes relative to the skull. The internal carotid artery (not shown) supplies both the middle cerebral artery of the brain and the ophthalmic arteries (and its branches) of the eyes.
Sagittal dissection of a sheep’s brain
The human botfly is found only in Central and South America, and it lays its eggs on a mosquito (or other biting insect). When the mosquito bites a person, the eggs fall onto the skin and are hatched by the warmth of the body. The larvae burrow into the skin and then travel throughout the body — and can move across the blood-brain barrier, and cause meningitis and death after growing inside the brain, eating and destroying it.
Normal mammalian organ of Corti, the epithelium which contains the sensory cells of the ear.
Coloured magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of a healthy brain (red) and upper spinal cord
HERNIATED DISK. On the left, view of the vertebral column showing a slipped disk. On the right, slipped disk compressing a nerve root (at the top) or the spinal cord (at the bottom). A slipped disk is an abnormal protusion of an intervertebral disk. It is usually located at the level of the lumbar vertebrae. Following the repeated constraints exercised on the disk (bad posture, false movement, lifting heavy charges), the latter can get out partially of its usual lodging, forming a protusion inside the rachidian canal, compressing one of the nerve root or the spinal cord. This creates great pain that can extend up to the lower limbs (sciatica).
A Brodmann area is a region of the cortex defined based on its cytoarchitecture, or organization of cells.
A volume rendering of an MRI scan of the brain (non-contrast T1 volumetric sequence). No pathological findings. Brain shown in half the head for a nice 3D effect.
A cross-section drawing of the human brain, showing the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the basal ganglia. The cortex is depicted by the dotted areas. The horizontal lines funneling down into the basal ganglia approximate the location of the pre-motor sector of the cortex. Color enhancement
Volume rendering of an MRI head/neck angiography (posterior view)
This is a stereogram, to be viewed in crossview technique.
Volume rendering of an MRI scan of the brain (contrast enhanced T1 volumetric sequence).
This is a stereogram, to be viewed in crossview technique.
From 2007 Anatomical Theater exhibit at Alabama Museum of Health and Sciences.
Neurons (green) and astrocytes (red) grown in culture. Astrocytes have become a hot research topic as evidence mounts suggesting that astrocytes in the brain’s cortex do more than provide support to neurons.
Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of cultured neuroglia cells (blue). These cells are found in nervous tissue and support nerve fibres both structurally and metabolically. They have numerous long processes (green) which attach them to other neuroglia cells (as seen here), and also to nerve cells. Neuroglia cells make up around half the mass of the central nervous system.
Magnification: x1500 at 6x7cm size.
A healthy brainhealthy brain, with white matter tracts visualized with diffusion tensor imaging.
How many neurons there are in the human brain?
10 billion–100 billion
(something like that), is the typical answer.
But there are actually a trillion other cells in the brain.
They’re known as glia,
which is Latin for glue,
which gives you an idea of how little scientists have thought of them.
But without glia, our brains would be useless
.
Image based on a volume rendering of an MRI scan of a brain.
This is a stereogram, to be viewed in crossview technique.
An image of neurons treated with estrogen that shows calpain activation in green. The red color shows the structural elements of the cells, called actin filaments, which are important for cell growth and movement.
Volume rendering of a contrast enhanced cranial CT (computer tomography).
This is a stereogram, to be viewed in crossview technique.
Rat brain slice showing neural stem cells (blue) that divide throughout life to produce astrocytes (red) and mature neurons (green).
Route of the visual information through the optic nerve, the optic chiasma, the lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus), the optic radiations and the primary visual cortex (occipital lobe).
Brain in the skull. Coloured three-dimensional scan of the brain and skull, using Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The head is seen in side view. Bones of the face are coloured blue (at left), with the jawbone and neck vertebrae at lower centre. Scan data of the cranium of the skull have been excluded, to expose the deeper left side of the brain (orange). This is the large cerebrum of the brain with surface folds and convolutions. The cerebrum is involved in conscious thought and memory. CT scanning (X-rays) and MRI scanning (magnetic field and radio waves) create “slices” through the body. These “slices” were recombined to form this 3-D image.
Motor neuron progenitors (green) derived from human embryonic stem cells. Such neurons could be used to treat spinal cord injuries and diseases of the motor neurons.
HEAD, DRAWING Artist view of the anatomy of the head (in MRI) and the neck, with the jugular vein highlighted.
Neurons: Tubulin, synapsin
Drawing by Valerio Carruba
from
Design You Trust
and also Valerio Carruba
from
diskursdisko
from
zazzle
Superior view of the brain revealing the visual pathway and superior sagittal sinus. Electrical nerve impulses travel from the eyes to the occipital lobe in the back of the brain via millions of nerves fibers that make up the visual pathway.
Composite computer artwork of a junction, or synapse, between two nerve cells (neurons, pink). As the electrical signal reaches the presynaptic end of a neuron it triggers the release of neurotransmitters (dots) across the gap, or synaptic cleft, between the two cells. The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, changing the membrane’s excitability and triggering an electrical impulse.
Central nervous system, historical anatomical artwork. This is an anterior (front) view of the brain and upper part of the spinal cord. At the base of the brain is the striated (striped) pons, and below this the medulla. These two structures make up the brainstem, which leads into the spinal cord. Below the brainstem the nerves emerging from the spinal cord can be seen. There are eight cervical nerves in the neck area, and below these are thoracic nerves.
This illustration is taken from the 19th century French textbook The Atlas of Human Anatomy and Surgery by J. M. Bourgery and N. H. Jacob.
Three different models explain the causal mechanism of free will and the flow of information between unconscious neural activity and conscious thought (GES = genes, environment, stochasticism).
I would like to convince biologists that a belief in free will is
nothing other than a continuing belief in
vitalism
(or, as I say, a belief in magic).
Cashmore said.
Credit: Anthony Cashmore.
Central nervous system, historical anatomical artwork. This is an anterior (front) view of the brain and upper part of the spinal cord. At the base of the brain is the striated (striped) pons, and below this the medulla. These two structures make up the brainstem, which leads into the spinal cord. Below the brainstem the nerves emerging from the spinal cord can be seen. There are eight cervical nerves in the neck area, and below these are thoracic nerves.
This illustration is taken from the 19th century French textbook The Atlas of Human Anatomy and Surgery by J. M. Bourgery and N. H. Jacob.
ScienceDaily - How Memories Are Made, And Recalled
(September 16, 2008)
from flickr:
Functional Neurogenesis
Mouse embryo stained to reveal developing nerves.
Colour-enhanced image of outer hair cells in the inner ear damaged by the aminoglycoside antibiotic, kanamycin. The stereocilia have begun to fuse and collapse resulting in hearing loss.
Agenesis of corpus callosum (sagittal section)
From: Brain and spinal cord, Emil Villiger, 1918
Confocal light micrograph of the retina, the light-sensitive membrane that lines the back of the eyeball. The tissue has been fluorescently stained.
Magnification: 160x when printed 10 centimetres across.
Oxford Neuroscience
article in PhysOrg.com
